Plant Pathology Division - Research and Publications
| Title/ programme | Objective | Expected outcome |
| Screening of exotic hybrid, germplasm, breeding lines of solanaceae crops for bacterial wilt resistance and seed-borne viruses | Resistant varieties for bacterial wilt, identify seed borne viruses free exotic seed lots | Minimized cost of production and safer food |
| Seed potato testing against quarantine diseases | Quarantine diseases free potato consignments | Safer food |
| Development of integrated strategy for the management of seed-borne bacterial canker disease of Tomato in Sri Lanka. | Effective molecular technique to detection Cmm from Tomato seeds. Effective screening technique for varietal screening.Resistant varieties for Cmm. Effective bio control agents to control Cmm | Minimized cost of production and safer food |
| Effect of soil amendments to control of Ralstonia solanacearum | Effective soil amendments for control R. solanecearum causing bacterial wilt | Minimized cost of production and safer food |
| Bio- efficacy of PGR against virus diseases of cucurbits and tomato (2 trials) | Effective PGR for control virus diseases of cucurbits and tomato | Minimized cost of production and safer food |
| BIPM programme for soil borne diseases of solanaceae crops. | Identify effective bio control agents to control Fusarium wilt of solanaceae crops | Minimized cost of production and safe food |
| Bio- efficacy of new fungicides against powdery and downy mildew of cucurbits and Corynespora leaf spot of tomato (3 trials) | Effective low toxic fungicides for powdery, downy mildew of cucurbits and Corynespora leaf spot of tomato | safer food |
| Diversity of Colletotrichum species causing Anthracnose disease in Capsicum cultivation in Sri Lanka | Information on Diversity of Colletotrichum species in Capsicum | Availability of Information on Diversity of Colletotrichum species in Capsicum further research works for breeders and other research streams |
| Study on endophyte fungi on Capsicum Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. | Biological control method for Capsicum Anthracnose will be available | Minimized environment pollution and safe food |
| Study on endophyte fungi on tomato early blight caused by Alternaria spp. | Biological control method for tomato early blight will be available | Minimized environment pollution and safer food |
| Assess the climate change impact on vegetable diseases | Development of map of soil borne bacteria availability | Availability of appropriate crop management technologies for climate change adaptation |
| Development of disease management strategies by using induced resistance and biological control agents | Safe methods for plant disease management | Safer food |
| Screening for powdery and downy mildew diseases of cucurbit | Disease resistant varieties for powdery and downy mildew diseases | Minimized cost of production and safer food |
| Development of Varietal screening methods for bacterial wilt of cucurbits | Variety screening technique for bacterial wilt | Higher productivity |
| Identification of new virus of cucurbits | Development of new virus management package | Minimized cost of production and safer food |
| Studies on resistance mechanism of cucurbits against powdery mildew | Development of new laboratory technique to identify disease resistant varieties | Minimized cost of production and safer food |
Galanihe L.D., W.A.P.G.Weeraratne, B. Udagaldeniya, S. Samara koon, N. Sa marasinghe, K.D issanayaka and S.Madugalla.Management of yellowing disease of pumpkin, 2014.A nnals of the Sri Lanka, Department of Agriculture. 16: 155-168.
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G, D.M.K.K. Dissanayake and M. A. Kularatne. 2016. Determination of genetic variation among Anthurium (A. andraeanum) varieties using RAPD and SSR primers, (A. andraneanu m) varieties using RAPD and SSR primers. National Symposium of Floriculture Research. p 12.
Gunasekara, A.W.A.C., W.A.P.G. Weeraratne and A. Balasuriya. 2016. Effect of different soil amendments for supressiveness of Sclerotium rolfsii in Mae. 8th Procee dings, University of Rajarata.
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G, N.L.A.T.S. Nanayakkara, A.D. Anushika a nd D.D.D. D harmadasa.2017. Occurrence of anthracnose (Collecto trichum gleosporioides penz.) and rust ( Goplama dioscoreae cummins) disease of dioscorea in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agriculturist 165 (2) : 7281-296.
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G. and De Costa, D.M. (2018). Molecular Identification of Fusarium spp. from Wilt-infected Tom ato and Brinjal Plants in Selected Regions of Sri Lanka and Endophytic Bacteria as a Potential Option for D isease Management. Tropical Agricultural Research. 30 (1), 23- 43.
Kanchanamala, K.K., Weeraratne, W.A.P. G. and De Costa, D.M. (2018). Det ermination of Effective Methods of Application and Concentrations of Endophytic Biological Control A gents for the Management of Fusarium Wilt in Tomato.
Ranasing he, R.H.T.D., Weeraratne, W.A.P.G. and De Costa, D.M. (2018). Formulation of M icrobial Pesticides using Endophytic bacteria for the management of Fusarium wilt of Tomato
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G. Wijerathne, W.M.S.D.K. and D.M.K.K. Dissanayake. 2019. Occurrence of Target Spot of Tomato caused by Corynespora cassiicolain Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the First National Symposium of Sri Lanka Association for Mycology and Plant Pathology30th of August 2019.Kandy, Sri Lanka. ISBN 978-624-5159-00-0
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G and D.M.K.K Dissanayake. 2019. Identification of the causal pathogen of bacterial wilt disease in cucurbitaceous crops and bean and its alternative weed hosts in Sri Lanka. Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. Vol. 21: 20.
Characterization of Alternaria spp. causing early blight of tomato from different agro ecological zones in Sri Lanka and its controle using rhyzospheric fungi. Bsc. Thesis 2020. Fernandowcjo, Deshapriya N, Fernando MSW
Nursery methods for damping off disease in true seed cultivation of cluster onion.International journal of environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology.2019. Vol. 04 (01): 216-219. MSW Fernando, SHSA De Silva
M.S.W. Fernando, S.H.S.A. De Silva, S. Kanchana (2021), Influence of Gypsum Application in Disease Management of Onion (Allium cepa L.), International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 6(8)
M.S.W. Fernando, W.A.R.T. Wikramarachchi, New report of pod rot of moringa in Sri Lanka caused by Drechslera hawaiiensis and potential fungicides for its control. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. Vol. 05: Issue 06, 2020: 65-69.
Rajapaksha, R.G.A.S., Shyamalee Kohombange, Dissanayake, D.M.K.K., Kahawatta, K.J.P.K., Perera, P.D.D. and Munasingha, M.M.S.P. 2019. Bitter Gourd (Memordica charantia L.), New Host of Ralstonia solanacearum in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 3(7): 111-118.
Rajapaksha, R.G.A.S., Malathi, P., Shyamalee Kohombange, Nilanthi, W.D.G.P. and Siriwardhana, S.M.S.P. 2019. Comparative Study of Selected Luffa Cultivars Resistant To Powdery Mildew and Downey Mildew in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 3(4): 171-177.
Rajapakse,RGAS, Kohombange,S and HMPS Kumari (2019). Comparative study of selected cucumber cultivars resistant to powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii. International Journal of Research, Vol.6, Issue 6, 91-98.
Gunarathna , L.N.R.,N.Deshappriya, D.L Jayaratne and R.G.S.A.S. Rajapaksha(2019).Damping-off disease of big onion (Allium cepa L) in Sri Lanka and evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma virens for its control. Tropical Plant Research,6(2):257-292
Shyamalee Kohombange ,R.G.A.S. Rajapaksha, Nadun Rathnasekara and M.M.S.P Munasingha (2020). Effect of Sakkara Brewing on the Severity of Powdery Mildew Disease of Luffa (Luffa acutangula)and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under Greenhouse Condition (in publish).
- Fernando, M.S.W., Alahakoon AMKD, Rathnayaka RMAT, Ranasinghe WMAM, Weerarathna WPR, Kumudumali K, Wijenayaka TMN, Jayawardhana KGNL, Potential chemical control for target spot disease of tomato caused by Corynespora cassiicola Journal of Agronomy & Agricultural Science, Vol 7, 060. (DOI: 10.24966/AAS-8292/100060)
- Fernando, W.C.J.O., Deshappriya, N., Fernando, M.S.W., The Effect of Rhizospheric Fungal Species of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ), on In-Vitro Growth of the Tomato Early Blight Pathogen. Proceedings of the 28th International Forestry and Environment Symposium, vol. 28 (2024)
- Fernando, W.C.J.O., Deshappriya, N., Fernando, M.S.W., Rhizospheric Fungal Spp. of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ), and Their effect on Tomato plant growth and on Alternaria solani the causative agent of Early Blight of Tomato. Proceedings of the 27th International Forestry and Environment Symposium, vol. 27
- M.S.W. Fernando, W.A.R.T. Wickramarachchi, New report of pod rot of moringa in Sri Lanka caused by Drechslera hawaiiensis and potential fungicides for its control. 2020. Volume 05 (06): 65-69. (Impact Factor: 5.32
- S.W. Fernando, S.H.S.A.De Silva, Nursery Method for Damping – off Disease in True Seed Cultivation of Cluster Onion. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology. 2019. Volume 04 (01):216-219. DOI: 10.22161/ijeab/4.1.32. ISSN: 2456-1878. (Impact Factor 3.118)
- S.W. Fernando, S.H.S.A.De Silva, B. Bavaleeswaran, S. Kanchana, R.M.C. Sudumanike, Effect of fungicides on management of fungal bulb rot in cluster onion, Tropical Agriculturist. Vol. 165: part 2, 2017: 223 -236.
- M.S.W. Fernando, S.H.S.A.De Silva, B. Bavaleeswaran, S. Kanchana, R.M.C. Sudumanike, Effect of fungicides on management of fungal bulb rot in cluster onion, Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2016. Volume 18: Pg
- S.W. Fernando, S.H.S.A. De Silva, K.E.M.N.K. Ekanayake, S. Kanchana, P.Mahindrapala and R.M.C. Sudumenike, Effect of different cow dung levels on fungal bulb rot incidence of cluster onion raised by bulb, Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2013. Volume 15. Pg. 183- 194.
Abstracts
- Fernando, M.S.W., Karunananda, D.P., Pathiraja, P.M.N.M., Wijenayaka, T.M.N., Jayawardhana, K.G.N.L., Kumudumali, K. 2025.vIdentification of Causal Organisms of Frequently Recorded Diseases of Lablab Beans (Lablab purpureus ) in Sri Lanka. Vol. 29 (2025): Proceedings of the 29th Forestry and Environment Symposium. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v29.8079
- Fernando, M.S.W. , Thennakoon, T.M.M. , Ekanayake, A.H. 2025 The Effects of Botanical Extracts on Cercospora Leaf Spot Disease in Okra. 29 (2025): Proceedings of the 29th Forestry and Environment Symposium. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v29.8097
- S.W. Fernando, S.H.S.A. De Silva, B. Bavaleeswaran, K.E.M.N.K. Ekanayake, S. Kanchana, P.Mahindrapala and R.M.C. Sudumenike, Effect of fungicides and the duration of bulb treatment for controlling fungal bulb rot in cluster onion (Allium cepa L.), Sri Lanka Council for Agricultural Research Policy (SLCARP) international Agricultural Research Symposium 2014.Colombo, Sri Lanka. Pg. 57
Posters
- Fernando, M.S.W., Pathiraja, P.M.N.M., Weerasekara, G.G.R.L.B, Rathnayaka, R.M.A.T. , Jayawaedhana, K.G.N.L. 2025 , Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum Causes Foot Rots of Capsicum annum L. of Sri Lanka and Its Control with the Use of Endophytic Fungi, 29 (2025): Proceedings of the 29th Forestry and Environment Symposium, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v29.8176
- Fernando, W.C.J.O., Deshappriya, N., Fernando, M.S.W., The Effect of Rhizospheric Fungal Species of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ), on In-Vitro Growth of the Tomato Early Blight Pathogen.
Journals
- S.W. Fernando, Major plant pathological problems associated with Non Calsic Brown (NCB) soil. Crop Life,Sri Lanka Plant Protection Industry Journal, 2014.
Proceedings
- U.N.E. Srimali, N. Deshappriya, M.S.W. Fernando, R.N. Attanayake, D.S. Manamgoda, Rhizospheric Fungal Species of Selected Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) Varieties of Sri Lanka and their Ability to Control Fusarium sp., Causative Agent of Damping-off Disease in Capsicum. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 42nd ANNUAL SESSIONS OF INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY, SRI LANKA. 2022 Pg 28.G.D.L.Priyantha, W.M.K. Fernando, M.S.W. Fernando, Integrated Disease management of onion in Sri Lanka. Proceeding of “International workshop on onion seed production and crop husbandry”, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 2014 Pg. 93 – 110
- S.W. Fernando, W.A.J.M De Costa, S. De Z Abeysiriwardena, and S.P. Nissanka, Grain yield of rice as influenced by sink and source limitation, Proceedings of Final Year Research in Crop Science, 2008. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya. Pg. 27
Literature Reviewed papers
- S.W. Fernando, I. Ariyarathne, H.D.P. Sumanasinghe, V. Vingnanakulasingam, and W.A.R.T. Wickramaarachchi, Plant pathological research at Aralaganwila, Sri Lanka. 30 years research at Regional Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Aralaganwila, Sri Lanka. 2012. Pg. 75 – 83
Book Chapter
- “Rathuluunu Wagawa”, Publication of Department of Agriculture Sri Lanka. (Sinhala Medium)
- H.S.A.De Silva, H.K.Kadupitiya, M.S.W.Fernando and V.D.N.Ayoni. Major Agricultural Risks of Small Farmers in Sri Lanka and their Management Strategies. Agricultural Risk Management for Small farmers in South Asia, 2017. Eds. W.A.R.T.Wickramaarachchi and Nilkanth Pokharel. SAARC Agriculture Centre (SAC), Dhaka, Bangladesh. 147-170.
Book Editing
- “Gowikam sagarawa” Magazine of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2020 – Today
- Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2017. Volume 19. (1) and (2)
Leaflets
- “Malumiris wagawe dileera roga hadunaganima ha palanaya”, Publication of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2023.
- “Wambatu wagawe roga hadunaganima ha palanaya”, Publication of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2023.
- “Murunga wagawe dileera roga hadunaganima ha palanaya”, Publication of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2023.
- “Thakkali wagawe dileera roga hadunaganima ha palanaya”, Publication of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2023.
- “Thakkali wagawe wayiras roga”, Publication of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2023.
- “Rathuluunu wagawe ledaroga hadunaganima ha palanaya”, Publication of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. 2013. (Sinhala and Tamil medium).
Galanihe L.D., W.A.P.G.Weeraratne, B. Udagaldeniya, S. Samara koon, N. Sa marasinghe, K.D issanayaka and S.Madugalla.Management of yellowing disease of pumpkin, 2014.A nnals of the Sri Lanka, Department of Agriculture. 16: 155-168.
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G, D.M.K.K. Dissanayake and M. A. Kularatne. 2016. Determination of genetic variation among Anthurium (A. andraeanum) varieties using RAPD and SSR primers, (A. andraneanu m) varieties using RAPD and SSR primers. National Symposium of Floriculture Research. p 12.
Gunasekara, A.W.A.C., W.A.P.G. Weeraratne and A. Balasuriya. 2016. Effect of different soil amendments for supressiveness of Sclerotium rolfsii in Mae. 8th Procee dings, University of Rajarata.
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G, N.L.A.T.S. Nanayakkara, A.D. Anushika a nd D.D.D. D harmadasa.2017. Occurrence of anthracnose (Collecto trichum gleosporioides penz.) and rust ( Goplama dioscoreae cummins) disease of dioscorea in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agriculturist 165 (2) : 7281-296.
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G. and De Costa, D.M. (2018). Molecular Identification of Fusarium spp. from Wilt-infected Tom ato and Brinjal Plants in Selected Regions of Sri Lanka and Endophytic Bacteria as a Potential Option for D isease Management. Tropical Agricultural Research. 30 (1), 23- 43.
Kanchanamala, K.K., Weeraratne, W.A.P. G. and De Costa, D.M. (2018). Det ermination of Effective Methods of Application and Concentrations of Endophytic Biological Control A gents for the Management of Fusarium Wilt in Tomato.
Ranasing he, R.H.T.D., Weeraratne, W.A.P.G. and De Costa, D.M. (2018). Formulation of M icrobial Pesticides using Endophytic bacteria for the management of Fusarium wilt of Tomato
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G. Wijerathne, W.M.S.D.K. and D.M.K.K. Dissanayake. 2019. Occurrence of Target Spot of Tomato caused by Corynespora cassiicolain Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the First National Symposium of Sri Lanka Association for Mycology and Plant Pathology30th of August 2019.Kandy, Sri Lanka. ISBN 978-624-5159-00-0
Weeraratne, W.A.P.G and D.M.K.K Dissanayake. 2019. Identification of the causal pathogen of bacterial wilt disease in cucurbitaceous crops and bean and its alternative weed hosts in Sri Lanka. Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. Vol. 21: 20.
Characterization of Alternaria spp. causing early blight of tomato from different agro ecological zones in Sri Lanka and its controle using rhyzospheric fungi. Bsc. Thesis 2020. Fernandowcjo, Deshapriya N, Fernando MSW
Nursery methods for damping off disease in true seed cultivation of cluster onion.International journal of environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology.2019. Vol. 04 (01): 216-219. MSW Fernando, SHSA De Silva
M.S.W. Fernando, S.H.S.A. De Silva, S. Kanchana (2021), Influence of Gypsum Application in Disease Management of Onion (Allium cepa L.), International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 6(8)
M.S.W. Fernando, W.A.R.T. Wikramarachchi, New report of pod rot of moringa in Sri Lanka caused by Drechslera hawaiiensis and potential fungicides for its control. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. Vol. 05: Issue 06, 2020: 65-69.
Rajapaksha, R.G.A.S., Shyamalee Kohombange, Dissanayake, D.M.K.K., Kahawatta, K.J.P.K., Perera, P.D.D. and Munasingha, M.M.S.P. 2019. Bitter Gourd (Memordica charantia L.), New Host of Ralstonia solanacearum in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 3(7): 111-118.
Rajapaksha, R.G.A.S., Malathi, P., Shyamalee Kohombange, Nilanthi, W.D.G.P. and Siriwardhana, S.M.S.P. 2019. Comparative Study of Selected Luffa Cultivars Resistant To Powdery Mildew and Downey Mildew in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 3(4): 171-177.
Rajapakse,RGAS, Kohombange,S and HMPS Kumari (2019). Comparative study of selected cucumber cultivars resistant to powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii. International Journal of Research, Vol.6, Issue 6, 91-98.
Gunarathna , L.N.R.,N.Deshappriya, D.L Jayaratne and R.G.S.A.S. Rajapaksha(2019).Damping-off disease of big onion (Allium cepa L) in Sri Lanka and evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma virens for its control. Tropical Plant Research,6(2):257-292
Shyamalee Kohombange ,R.G.A.S. Rajapaksha, Nadun Rathnasekara and M.M.S.P Munasingha (2020). Effect of Sakkara Brewing on the Severity of Powdery Mildew Disease of Luffa (Luffa acutangula)and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under Greenhouse Condition (in publish).
- Fernando, M.S.W., Hitigedara, D.L.C.N., Pathiraja, P.M.N.M. and Weerarathna, W.P.R. (2025) Integrated profiling of pathogen and control strategies for strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) diseases in Sri Lanka. Journal of Plant Pathology, manuscript submitted on 2 January 2026.
- Fernando, M.S.W., Hitigedara, D.L.C.N., Pathiraja, P.M.N.M., Dissanayake, D.M.K.K. and Weerarathna, W.P.R.W., 2025. Chemical control of bacterial wilt disease (Ralstonia solanacearum) with the aid of copper-based fungicides on brinjal cultivation. Journal of Plant Pathology. Manuscript submitted, 8 December 2025.
Conference Paper (Published Proceedings)
- Fernando, M.S.W., Samarakoon, S.M.J.G.S.K., Hitigedara, D.L.C.N., Pathiraja, P.M.N.M. and Kumudumali, Y.M.K. (2025) Effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid applications on controlling major diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation. The Green to Green International Research Conference (GtoG), 16 December 2025. Sri Lanka Council for Agricultural Research Policy, Sri Lanka, p. 35.
Conference Abstract / Presentation
4.Fernando, M.S.W., Karunananda, D.P., Pathiraja, P.M.N.M., Wijenayaka, T.M.N., Jayawardhana, K.G.N.L. and Kumudumali, K. (2025) Identification of causal organisms of frequently recorded diseases of Lablab beans (Lablab purpureus L.) in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the 29th International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2025: Forest and Natural Resource Management, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v29.8079
5.Fernando, M.S.W., Pathiraja, P.M.N.M., Weerasekara, G.G.R.L.B., Rathnayaka, R.M.A.T. and Jayawaedhana, K.G.N.L. (2025) Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum causes foot rots of Capsicum annuum L. of Sri Lanka and its control with the use of endophytic fungi. Proceedings of the 29th International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2025: Forest and Natural Resource Management, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v29.8176
6.Kavishani, I. W. S., Fernando, M. S. W., Nayanakantha, N. M. C., & Pathiraja, P. M. N. M. (2025). Efficacy of selected essential oils against the fungi causing damping off disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In Proceedings of the 9th International Research Conference of Uva Wellassa University (IRCUWU 2025): Smart Societies: Wellness, Innovation, and Sustainability in a Changing World, December 10–11, 2025. Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, Badulla, Sri Lanka.
7.Bandara,P.R.H.L.W, Fernando, M. S. W., Nayanakantha, N. M. C., & Pathiraja, P. M. N. M. (2025). Antifungal resistance study for major fungal disease of Solsnacae vegetable crop. In Proceedings of the 9th International Research Conference of Uva Wellassa University (IRCUWU 2025): Smart Societies: Wellness, Innovation, and Sustainability in a Changing World, December 10–11, 2025. Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, Badulla, Sri Lanka.
8.Weerasinghe,W.DM.L., Fernando, M. S. W., Ketipearachchi,K.G., & Pathiraja, P. M. N. M. (2025). Antifungal resistance screening of bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthiyanum).In Proceedings of the 5th International Research Conference of University of Colombo Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences (ISATRS 2025):Sustainable Development through Innovative and Resilient Agriculture, University of Colombo, Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences, Weligatta, Hambantota, Sri Lanka